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Sanitation and sanitary works.
An estimated 1.2 million scavengers in the country are involved in the sanitation of our surroundings. These figures may have been underestimated because scavenging is illegal. According to Sulabh, 4 to 5 Million people were working as scavengers in 2005 and were often employed by the local civil bodies to clean excrement in public places. (The name scavengers and their work modified as sanitary workers/Officers/People/Department with some facilities & in cities only) this situation persists despite the fact that the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act,[3] 1993, is in enforcement, which provides for the prohibition of the employment of manual scavengers as well as construction or continuance of dry latrines and for the regulation of construction and maintenance of water-seal latrines for assuring the dignity of the individual, as enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution. The working conditions of these sanitary workers have remained virtually unchanged. Apart from the social atrocities that these workers face, they are exposed to certain health problems by virtue of their occupation. Intoxication may be hyper acute, acute, sub acute or chronic. These health hazards include exposure to harmful gases such as methane & hydrogen sulfide – Which develops the irritant action on the eyes, sore throat, cough, chest tightness, thirst, breathlessness, sweating, irritability and loss of libido. In cases of severe poisoning, the person drops into a profound coma with dyspnoea, polypnoea & a slate-blue cyanosis until breathing restarts.Tachycardia & tonic–clonic spasms are seen. Inhalation of massive quantities of hydrogen sulfide rapidly produce anoxia resulting in death by asphyxia. Epileptiform convulsions may occur and the individual falls apparently unconscious and may die without moving again. This is a syndrome characteristic of hydrogen sulfide poisoning in sewer workers. However, in such cases, exposure is often due to a mixture of gases including methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
In sub-acute poisoning, the eyes are affected by palpebral edema, bulbar conjunctivitis and mucopurulent secretion with, perhaps, a reduction in visual acuity—all of these lesions usually being bilateral. This syndrome is known to sugar and sewer workers as “Gas Eye”. Cardiovascular degeneration, Musculoskeletal disorders like osteoarthritic changes and intervertebral disc herniation are the common spinal abnormalities reported in these workers, infections like Hepatitis, Leptospirosis and Helicobacter, skin problems, Respiratory system problems and altered pulmonary function parameters. This can be prevented through engineering, medical and legislative measures. While the engineering measures will help in protecting against exposures, the medical measures will help in early detection of the effects of these exposures. This can be partly achieved by developing an effective occupational health service for this group of workers. Also, regular awareness programs should be conducted to impart education regarding safer work procedures and use of personal protective devices. The modes of exposure for the various infections are – The most common way is by hand-to-mouth contact during eating, drinking and smoking, or by wiping the face with contaminated hands or gloves or by licking splashes from the skin. By skin contact, through cuts, scratches or penetrating wounds, i.e., from discarded hypodermic needles. Certain organisms can enter the body through the surfaces of the eyes, nose and mouth. By breathing them in as dust, aerosol or mist. The working conditions of the sanitary workers have remained virtually unchanged. Using only a stick broom and a small tin plate, the sanitary workers clear feces ( and Now added – Garbage and other waste materials ) from public and private latrines onto baskets or other containers, which they then carry on their heads to dumping grounds and disposal sites. Very few, however, are provided with wheelbarrows or carts by the municipal authorities.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
Urban Indian cities generate around 45 million metric tonnes of waste annually in which only 10% is recycled. Our Governments should not collect any kind of taxes including toll tax from the waste material gathering companies and transporters. This will accelerate the sanitary works in the villages and towns and cities. We will implement this.
Scavenger women and men in India called “safaai karmachaari” or “cleaners” whose livelihood depends on sweeping the streets, picking garbage and diving into sewers. According to the 2011 census, there are 750,000 families that still work as manual scavengers. Many states openly deny the existence of manual scavengers. As long as humans exist, toilets will have to be cleaned. Even in the West, toilets are cleaned manually. A deeper problem in India is the callousness with the disposal of garbage. People put all kinds of waste into manholes and that cannot be sucked out by machines. So the workers have no other option but to dive in to remove the debris. (Government /Departments should strictly follow the closing of the Manholes to prevent this.) The lack of adequate number of toilets and also charging fee from the users also leads the people to defecate in other locations. Instead of appreciating their work and providing them with safety gear, the Govt.Act is making the workers feel insecure and insulting about their work and future. There are so many skilled people who are jobless. So how could one trust the government in giving new employment to the cleaners? Indian government bans sanitary scavengers and imposed the act on them and other category persons are employed in these kinds of jobs… this is practically happening and the actual related persons are now again on the roads as unemployed persons mainly due to this act…
Sanitation and sanitary works.
Reasons for storage of waste at source is… lack of public awareness-motivation-education resulting in poor response from citizens, lack of civic sense and bad habits of people to litter, lack of cooperation and negative attitude of people from households, trade and commerce, lack of wide publicity through media, lack of citizens in understanding how to use separate bins for storage and sorting of recyclables, lack of sufficient knowledge of benefits and technical know-how and skilled persons, lack of stringent panel provisions, lack of spot fines, Lack of effective legal remedy, difficulty in motivating the slum area people, lack of personnel for door to door garbage collections, lack of suitable containers, lack of sanitary workers, and also unavailability of workers on Sundays and on public holidays or on festival days, unavailability or shortage of collection vehicles and equipment and suitable containers, Lack of planning for waste storage depots or bins, Inaccessible and narrow lanes or streets that do not allow sufficient space for the containers, Old and damaged vehicles that which are difficult to replace and also lack of maintenance of the vehicles, Lack of escaping the sanitary workers in the duty time, lack of financial resources, difficult in transporting in the kuchha roads, People throwing the waste just outside of their premises on the streets and in drains and in the open spaces or in the water bodies or in the inappropriate places, lack of punishing the people who through waste papers-cans-plastic bottles-plastic bags-empty tins-old cloths-organic wastes-broken glass-packing materials, lack of litter bins in the streets in towns or cities and in villages and long distances between the bins. And the most important one is resistance to change in attitude & sluggishness in the personality and lack of communities and clubs and social workers and associations involvement are some of the points to note and solve. These types of lackings are applicable for each and every dirty place on the roads or streets or any where we live. Other problems are Lack of infrastructure, Weak financial base, Corruption No co-coordinating body, Lack of political will, Lack of accountability etc.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
Fundamentally, the existing infrastructure and drainage system in any city or town cannot handle the excess water whenever there’s a downpour & also the garbage dumping.The drainage system comprises major drains,roadside drains and shoulder drains, all of which get overburdened particularly in the rainy season and at drainage blocked situations. In general when the rainwater has no space to drain out then the rainwater accumulates in potholes and depressions on roads and drains out at a very slow pace, which is further compounded by lack of proper connectivity to water drains. There are also other reasons for flooding, caused mainly by a lack of maintenance of roads, drains, footpaths and sewer lines.
Another important factor relates to silting up of drains because of which much of the rainwater, which should be carried by the drains, overflows on to the streets. Further, water logging leads to clogging of sewer lines, thereby causing sewage to mix with drainage water. Poor waste management also contributes to flooding – garbage, plastics, polythene bags and other waste material by the people are thrown into drains and obstruct the smooth flow of water.
Encroachments, revenue layouts and illegal constructions, especially along water drains and in low-lying areas, are other major causes of flooding. These problems are common to all cities in India and are not peculiar to any city. In fact, coastal cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and many others face bigger problems.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
Designing and constructing drainage systems require expert advice from engineers to make sure that water flows away quickly and smoothly and is disposed of in a surface watercourse or soak away. Drainage installed by one community should not create problems for other communities in downstream, nor should it affect ecologically important sites. Environmental considerations should be given adequate attention: long-term changes to the environment may lead to greater health problems in the future.
Removing storm water and household wastewater (sometimes called “sullage”) Their work is highly unhygienic and very dangerous to their lives as well as the people nearby to the drainage garbages. We can’t provide a solution as there is no other option but to send someone into those manholes to clean them when they are clogged.
The condition of the workers duties are the worst. Their health and lives are lost and they continue to live in the same conditions. This has to be changed, the rules should not be based only for the compensation if any damage happens to the sewage workers. We should take steps to improve user design for the workers to access these lines safely.
Drainage systems blocked by plastic bags have been identified as a major cause of flooding during the monsoon season. Not only do floods destroy homes, derail trains, delay traffic, and cause mudslides, but they also create breeding grounds for water born diseases, malaria, and dengue fever and many.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
How would we feel if we had to drain out buckets full of dirty drain water along with fecal Mater and
other dirty material from our courtyard everyday?
The problem in almost all villages is that there are no proper drains and there is no place for the water to flow and garbage to throw out. In villages Country Pigs consume the excreta of the Humans. Cattle, crows, sparrows, Hens, Cows and buffaloes and other domestic animals or birds take part in cleaning almost all vegetable waste material and the residues are putrefied and they are used as manures. The recycling of the natural wastes products takes place every where. Due to the advance scientific culture of the development, now the Plastic material is helpful in carrying or transporting and is useful in different ways. Each year, 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags are consumed worldwide. This averages to about 1 million bags per minute. Now these plastic bags and also plastic bottles are creating a number of problems to the nature and also for the Human’s health. These Plastic bags and bottles are blocking the drainages and choking them. The blocked drains have resulted in drinking water and drainage water getting mixed, leading to all sorts of illnesses. Mosquitoes and flies, Pigs have taken prime spot on the flooded land and infection has increased. They are creating the stagnant dirty water and due to this the air born diseases such as viral fevers, sore throats, Dirty smell, Mosquitoes and flies based diseases and water based diseases are increasing rapidly.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
The effective Simple primary step solutions a.) Increasing the size of the drain tubes or channels, manholes or pit holes etc., to maximum extent to get free flow of the drainage and waste material to flow freely. b.) Cleaning and transporting the sewage matter away immediately from that place by the concerned people frequently without making the garbage material again and again blocking the drains on the roads or else where. C.)Increasing the sanitation workers. d.) Using the modern techniques to speed up – removing and cleaning the drainages and sewage material and transporting them immediately. e.) Alerting the people to fix a place to throw their waste material. And that fixed places must be far to the Drainage systems or passages. Because that waste material definitely again reaches into the drainage within few hours and it chokes the passages of the drainages every day and every time. f.) Allowing and encouraging the people to follow the country methods in cooking which results the maximum utility of the waste material and also helps them in saving their money. Two-thirds of Indian homes have no access to clean drinking water and four-fifths do not have adequate drainage systems to discharge wastewater.
The sewage and the garbage should be disposed as early as possible without and prolonged delay in time. If not in general the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and worms and flies, mosquitoes and many types of insects develop which in turn develops many diseases among the Humans and also the animals.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
Ninety percent of the developing world’s sewage is dumped untreated into oceans, rivers and lakes. Forty percent of the world’s population, or 2.6 billion people, have no access to at toilet. One gram of feces can contain ten million viruses, one million bacteria, one thousand parasite cysts and one hundred worm eggs. While 90 percent of sewage in the developing world goes untreated, sewage treatment is in the developed world is not perfect either. Waste water infrastructure suffers from under funding, and sewer systems are not equipped to handle the ongoing growth in urban populations.
When sewers are overwhelmed, raw sewage is discharged into waterways. Human waste can carry up to fifty communicable diseases, it is in fact a very potent weapon of mass destruction, That is why there is such a horrible death toll of children related to poor sanitation. But of all the countries Indians live in the most close quarters with human waste. “The statistics in India are so stunning, seven hundred million people without toilets.” As a result, open defecation is practiced in India, but it also has a robust history of activism about sanitation. Any home or other building that is not connected to a municipal or city sewage system needs a method for getting rid of human waste (feces and urine) and also for wastes in their houses or any.
As per the census 2011, at country level, there is no drainage facility in 48.9% households, while 33% households have only open drainage system. National Family health Survey-3 (2005-2006) reported that 52.8% of the households in urban areas have improved sanitation which means that their flush or pour toilet latrine connected to piped sewer or septic or other systems, while 41% of the households still have no latrine within household premises, with 24.2% of them depending on public latrine and other 16.8% practicing open defecation. Besides, more than 28% of the urban population lives in slum areas. The cities of Delhi and Mumbai generate some 17% of all the sewage in the country.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
The oldest form of disposal of organic waste consists of a water tight vault constructed of concrete for the collection of raw sewage and a wooden shelter and screened and protected from vermin and flies.
In the Septic Tank and Seepage Pit – the sewage disposal cycle is completed below ground and within the property. Liquid wastes are purified due to the action of anaerobic bacteria through precipitation and by the natural percolation.
Poor, inaccessible, and marginal urban areas suffer most from deficiencies in service and infrastructure, thus worsening poverty, ill health, and social marginalization. In low-income or squatter settlements, waste collections is often non-existent, either because the settlements are informal, unplanned, and possibly unauthorized or because the strategies and technologies adopted for service provision are inappropriate for operating in settlements with narrow and unpaved streets and lanes. Many factors differs from place to place and must be considered in the design of the drainage system
In urban areas, solid waste is generated by domestic households, commercial and industrial enterprises, and health care and institutional activities and many. Streets are used as the dumping grounds by all generators of the solid wastes. And these all solid wastes attract further more dumping of solid wastes from the people. When we educate the people to throw the wastes according to the organic and inorganic wastes in two locations at the dumping points, then sorting will be easy to the people who are for recycling the garbage or waste materials. Disposal of the wastage from the streets dumping locations should be very fast. And continuous monitoring of the garbage should be there at every where. Due to this we can maintain the health of the sanitary workers and also the people residing there. When the solid garbage is removed from time to time immediately by the department there will not be frequent choking or blocking of the manholes and drainages or in the underground drainage systems. At the same time there will not be the gathering of the animals at the garbage dumping premises.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
Indian municipalities have overall responsibility for solid waste management in their cities. However, most of them are currently unable to fulfill their duty to ensure environmentally sound and sustainable ways in dealing with waste generation. Collection, transport, treatment or separation and disposal. The failure results in serious health problems and environmental degradation. Because of deficient collection services, uncollected waste which is often also mixed with human and animal excreta is dumped indiscriminately in the streets and in the drains, thereby contributing to flooding, breeding of the insect and rodent vectors, bacterial, virus and spreading of the diseases.
The state pollution control boards should encourage the private contractors to gather the garbage from every house in the morning & in the evening & disposing the collected garbage & waste material in the dump yards. If the garbage disposing contractors are authorized for recycling the material, then they will sort and they will sell the useful material for their benefit from the dumping areas. When they are recycling the waste material the governments should not impose and collect taxes on them. They should be encouraged with many subsidies. Then they will keep the cities, towns and villages clean and green and healthy which is not possible to the governments. If this is implemented the choking or blocking of the drainage systems will be minimized in each & every city and town and village. Departmental authorities should check every day regarding the garbage of stagnant water and/or waste material. Even the people should have the right to give complaint and the concerned depts. and contractor must attend the problematic site within an hour and should clear the garbage or the waste material on the roads or streets or at any place.
Sanitation and sanitary works.
Malfunctioning septic systems will result the contamination of well water, ground water, river water and causing threats to public health. Untreated and open drainages have produced conducive breeding for mosquitoes, flies, rodents, insects and other diseases carrying vectors. Untreated sewage have led to stinking and foul smell Direct physical exposure to wastewater for people bathing and washing clothes and utensils Toxic food farming has increased around the rivers and canals due to improper sewage treatment, leading to various diseases like as vomiting, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, blood infection, dehydration, kidney dysfunction and urinary infection. The toxins have polluted the ground water and soil. Most of treatment plants do not perform effectively due to operational problems. The large network of sewers and drains in many cities are very old and most of them are small and also in damaged condition and having Low flow of sewage and drainage.